Abstract This study aims to evaluate the effect of substrates and container content on growth and quality of Peltophorum dubium seedlings. The design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement (2 × 9), with two containers sizes (125 cm3 and 280 cm3) and nine substrates formulated from the mixture of subsoil (S), vermicompost (V) and commercial substrate (CS), in the following proportions (v:v): S100, V100, CS100, S75 + V25, S50 + V50, S25 + V75, CS75 + V25, CS50 + V50 and CS25 + V75, with nine replicates. We assessed seedling height, stem diameter, root and shoot dry matter, height/shoot dry matter ratio; Dickson quality index; and percentages of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in the shoot. The use of the 125 cm3 dibble tube containing 100% vermicompost allowed for higher quality of Peltophorum dubium seedlings.

Abstract In producing forest seedlings, the use of residues may be an option to improve seedling quality. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the initial growth and quality of Toona ciliata seedlings on different substrates. The experimental design was completely randomized with seven treatments consisting of commercial substrate (CS), vermicompost (VC), urban waste compost (UWC) and mixtures in proportions of 50% (CS + VC, CS + UWC and VC + UWC) and 33% (CS + UWC + VC), with twelve replications. The use of substrates composed of organic residues 120 days after sowing shows potential for producing Toona ciliata seedlings. The combination of substrate components provides higher seed growth and quality than unmixed substrates. Compositions of 50% UWC or 50% VC + 50% CS are efficient in growth and seed quality.

ABSTRACT: Chemical and physical properties of soil can be altered with the successive application of liquid swine manure (LSM), also known as slurry. Therefore, monitoring the impact of LSM is essential to an assessment of the potential agronomic and environmental benefits and risks associated with management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LSM on the chemical and physical attributes of soil under pasture (Cynodon spp.), located in southern Brazil. Four areas were sampled: three areas cultivated with Cynodon spp. pasture with successive applications of 200 m3 ha–1 y–1 of LSM for three, eight and 15 years; and untreated native forest as a reference. The soil attributes evaluated were: organic carbon (OC), active (pH water) and potential acidity (H + Al+ 3), nutrient availability (i.e., P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn), soil bulk density, macro, micro and total porosity. Successive applications of LSM on pasture reduced soil active acidity, and increased the soil organic C and plant-available N, P, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn contents. These effects were more intense with time and in the shallowest layers, i.e. 0-10 cm. Excessive increases in P, Cu and Zn in the soil should be carefully monitored to minimize the contamination risks to soil, ground and surface waters. Soil physical attribute changes were more associated with land use (pasture versus native forest) than LSM use, and LSM applications induced slight improvements in the soil structural quality over time.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to determine the efficiency of poultry litter ratios added to the commercial substrate and to peat in the growth and quality of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings. The design was completely randomized, with 10 replications, in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement with two substrates (peat and commercial substrate) and five poultry litter ratios, added (v:v) to both substrates (0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). The height, stem diameter, dry matter of shoot and roots, root specific surface area, Dickson quality index and NPK accumulated in dry matter of shoot and roots were evaluated. Poultry litter can be added up to a 35% ratio to the commercial substrate or to peat for the production of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings; proportions above this, for both substrates, compromise the production. The treatments with peat provided lower growth and quality of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings, compared to the commercial substrate.

RESUMO A restrição nutricional e a ocorrência de geadas no sul do Brasil frequentemente afetam o crescimento de cultivos florestais. Com o objetivo de quantificar o crescimento inicial e a resistência à geada das plantas de Toona ciliata em cultivos consorciados com Eucalyptus grandis, com diferentes adubações, foi conduzido um experimento na UFSM, campus de Frederico Westphalen. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com três repetições, no arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 x 3: duas espécies florestais (Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden e Toona ciliata M. Roem var. australis), dois tipos de cultivos (solteiro e consorciado) e três tipos de adubação (NPK, NPK + Si e NP de liberação lenta + K + bioestimulante). O crescimento em altura das plantas foi mensurado em datas diferenciadas até 346 dias após o plantio. No final deste período foi quantificado o diâmetro a altura do peito e a massa seca da parte aérea. A avaliação do nível de danos às plantas e o grau de resistência à geada foi feito com atribuição de notas com base nas plantas inteiras e nas copas das plantas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e, quando significativa (p ≤ 0,05), procedeu-se a comparação das médias dos tratamentos pelo teste de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). As duas espécies florestais foram tolerantes à geada, mas com maior dano na área foliar nas plantas de Toona ciliata em relação a Eucalyptus grandis. O cultivo de Toona ciliata sob proteção de Eucalyptus grandis não diminuiu os danos da geada no primeiro ano de implantação no campo. O uso de fertilizante de liberação lenta, de Si e de bioestimulante não contribuíram para aumentar o crescimento e a resistência à geada das plantas das duas espécies florestais.

ABSTRACT Nutritional restriction and the occurrence of frost in southern Brazil often affects the growth of forest stands. In order to quantify the initial growth and resistance to frost of Toonna ciliata plants, in crops intercropped with Eucalyptus grandis in different fertilization, an experiment was conducted at UFSM, campus Frederico Westphalen, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications, in factorial 2 x 2 x 3: two forest species (Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden and Toona ciliata M. Roem var. australis), two types of stands (single and intercropped) and three types of fertilizer (NPK, NPK + Si and NP slow-release + K + biostimulant). The growth of plant height was measured at different dates, up to 346 days after planting. At the end of this period, it was quantified the diameter at breast height and dry mass of shoots. The assesment of the level of damage to the plants and the degree of resistance to frost was with grading based on the entire plant and tree canopy. The data were submitted to variance analysis and when significant (p ≤ 0.05), we proceeded to compare the treatment by means of Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). The two forest species were tolerant to frost, but with greater damage to the leaf area in plants Toona ciliata against the Eucalyptus grandis. The cultivation Toona ciliata under protection the Eucalyptus grandis has not diminished the damage to frost in the first year of field deployment. The use of slow-release fertilizer, Si and biostimulant did not contribute to increasing growth and resistance to frost the plants of the two forest species.

RESUMO A associação ectomicorrízica beneficia as plantas ao proporcionar aumento na área de absorção radicular obtendo mais nutrientes e água, podendo possibilitar o crescimento do hospedeiro em solos submetido a condições adversas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes isolados ectomicorrízicos no crescimento das mudas de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maid., Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson, Eucalyptus saligna Sm. e Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial (4 x 4), sendo quatro espécies de eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis, Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus saligna e Eucalyptus dunnii) e quatro inóculos ectomicorrízicos (UFSC-Pt116 (Pisolithus microcarpus (Cooke & Massee) Cunn), UFSC-132 (Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch), UFSC-121, e sem inoculação), com 12 repetições. Após noventa dias de condução do experimento foram avaliados: percentual de colonização ectomicorrízica, altura de planta; diâmetro do colo; número de folhas; massa seca da parte aérea e radicular. Também foram calculadas as relações: massa seca aérea/massa seca radicular, altura/diâmetro do colo e o índice de qualidade de Dickson. A altura de planta, número de folhas e a massa seca aérea apresentaram médias superiores nas espécies Eucalyptus dunnii e Corymbia citriodora, quando na inoculação com UFSC-132. A inoculação com UFSC-Pt116 resultou em 63,3% de raízes colonizadas em Corymbia citriodora, enquanto Eucalyptus dunnii inoculado com UFSC-121 teve 67,7% de suas raízes colonizadas. O isolado UFSC-132 proporciona maior crescimento de mudas de Eucalyptus dunnii e Corymbia citriodora em relação à testemunha sem inoculação.

ABSTRACT The ectomycorrhizal association benefit plants by providing an increase in the area of root absorption and getting more nutrients and water as well as may enable growth of the host soils subjected to adverse conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different ectomycorrhizal isolates on seedling growth of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maid., Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson, Eucalyptus saligna Sm. and Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden. The design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement (4 x 4), four species of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis, Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus dunnii) and four ectomycorrhizal inoculum (UFSC - Pt116 (Pisolithus microcarpus (Cooke & Massee) Cunn), UFSC -132 (Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch), UFSC -121, and without inoculation) with 12 repetitions. After ninety days of conducting the experiment were evaluated: the percentage of ectomycorrhizal colonization, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, dry weight of root and shoot. Relationships were also calculated: dry aerial/root dry mass, height/diameter and Dickson quality index. The plant height, leaf number and shoot dry mass showed higher average in the species Eucalyptus dunnii and Corymbia citriodora, when the inoculation with UFSC -132. Inoculation with UFSC-Pt116 resulted in 63,3 % of colonized roots in Corymbia citriodora, while Eucalyptus dunnii inoculated with UFSC-121 had 67,7 % of its colonized roots. The isolated UFSC-132 provides enhanced growth of seedlings of Eucalyptus dunnii and Corymbia citriodora compared to the control without inoculation.

RESUMO A forma de distribuição do fósforo (P) no solo interfere na disponibilidade do nutriente e pode afetar o crescimento das plantas. O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar o crescimento e a acumulação de P nas plantas de milho, soja e girassol em gradientes verticais do nutriente no solo com e sem estresse hídrico. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições, no esquema fatorial 3 x 2: três gradientes de P em profundidade no solo (decrescente, crescente e nulo) e duas condições de disponibilidade de água no solo (sem e com estresse hídrico). Os gradientes de P em profundidade foram doses decrescentes de P2O5 (300; 200; 100 e 0 mg dm-3); doses crescentes (0; 100; 200 e 300 mg dm-3) e doses iguais (150 mg dm-3), aplicadas nas camadas intermediárias entre 0,0-5,0; 5,1-10,0; 10,1-15,0 e 15,1-20,0 cm. Foi quantificada a altura, a massa seca e o acúmulo de P na parte aérea e nas raízes das plantas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise da variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). A forma de distribuição do P no solo não interferiu no crescimento e no acúmulo do nutriente na soja. A localização da adubação fosfatada na camada superficial ou em subsuperfície favoreceu maior crescimento e P acumulado no milho e girassol em comparação com a distribuição uniforme do nutriente na camada de 0-20 cm. O aumento da adubação fosfatada em profundidade não aumentou o crescimento e o acúmulo de P nas três culturas, mesmo em condições de estresse hídrico.

ABSTRACT The distribution of phosphorus (P) in the soil interferes with the availability of the nutrient and can affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to compare the growth and accumulation of P in maize, soybean and sunflower plants in vertical gradients of the nutrient in the soil, with and without water stress. The design was completely randomised with five replications, in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme: three soil depth gradients of P (decreasing, increasing and nil) and two conditions of soil water availability (with and with no water stress). The depth gradients of P were in decreasing doses of P2O5 (300, 200, 100 and 0 mg dm-3), increasing doses (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg dm-3) and equal doses (150 mg dm-3) applied to the intermediate layers between 0.0-5.0, 5.1-10.0, 10.1-15.0 and 15.1-20.0 cm. Height, dry weight and P accumulation in the roots and shoots were quantified. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, and mean values compared by Tukey's test (p<0.05). The distribution of P in the soil did not interfere with growth or nutrient accumulation in the soybean. Phosphate fertiliser located in the surface or subsurface layers favoured greater growth and the accumulation of P in the maize and sunflower, compared to the uniform distribution of the nutrient in the 0-20 cm layer. The increase in phosphate fertiliser at depth did not increase growth or P accumulation in the three crops, even under conditions of water stress.

RESUMO Milho e sorgo são as principais matérias primas na produção de silagem para consumo animal, merecendo destaque a adubação mineral, quando o objetivo for incrementar os ganhos em quantidade e qualidade forrageira. Objetivou-se avaliar a contribuição de doses de N, P ou K na produtividade de massa seca e proteína bruta de milho e sorgo para silagem. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, durante cinco cultivos sucessivos de milho (três safras de verão) e sorgo (duas safrinhas). Foram utilizadas cinco doses de N (0 kg ha-1, 50 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 150 kg ha-1 e 200 kg ha-1), cinco doses de P2O5 (0 kg ha-1, 40 kg ha-1, 80 kg ha-1, 120 kg ha-1 e 160 kg ha-1) e cinco doses de K2O (0 kg ha-1, 30 kg ha-1, 60 kg ha-1, 90 kg ha-1 e 120 kg ha-1), aplicadas em cada cultivo, na mesma área experimental. As doses de N contribuíram para o aumento da produtividade de proteína bruta nos cinco cultivos sucessivos de milho e sorgo, associado ao aumento de massa seca e/ou da concentração de proteína. O incremento de proteína bruta foi de 59,5-312,9 % para as duas culturas. Os solos utilizados no sistema de sucessão de milho e sorgo para silagem apresentaram níveis "muito altos" de P e K. Portanto, a adubação com P não teve efeito sobre a produção de matéria seca ou proteína bruta no primeiro ano de cultivo, assim como ocorreu para a adubação com K durante as cinco safras sucessivas.

ABSTRACT Maize and sorghum are the main raw materials in the production of silage for animal feed, with mineral fertilization being worthy of note when the goal is to increase gains in the amount and quality of the forage. This study aimed at evaluating the contribution of N, P or K doses to the dry matter and crude protein yield in maize and sorghum grown for silage. The experiments were carried out in a randomized block design, with four replications, during five successive crops of maize (three summer seasons) and sorghum (two off-season). Five doses of N (0 kg ha-1, 50 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 150 kg ha-1 and 200 kg ha-1), five doses of P2O5 (0 kg ha-1, 40 kg ha-1, 80 kg ha-1, 120 kg ha-1 and 160 kg ha-1) and five doses of K2O (0 kg ha-1, 30 kg ha-1, 60 kg ha-1, 90 kg ha-1 and 120 kg ha-1) were applied to each crop in the same experimental area. The N doses contributed to an increase in the crude protein yield in the five successive crops of maize and sorghum, together with an increase in dry matter and/or protein concentration. Crude protein increased 59.5-312.9 % for both crops. The soils used for the succession cropping system of maize and sorghum for silage had "very high" levels of P and K. Therefore, the P fertilization had no effect on the dry matter or crude protein yield in the first year of cultivation, similarly to the K fertilization during the five successive crop seasons.

RESUMO Este trabalho avaliou a utilização de turfa como amenizante e Eucalyptus grandis como técnica de fitoestabilização para remediar solo contaminado com cobre. O trabalho foi conduzido sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial (2 × 6), sendo sem e com adição de turfa (200 mL L-1 de solo) e seis doses de cobre adicionadas ao solo (0 mg kg-1, 60 mg kg-1, 120 mg kg-1, 180 mg kg-1, 240 mg kg-1, 300 mg kg-1 de solo), com seis repetições. Avaliaram-se a altura das mudas, o diâmetro do colo, a massa seca radicular e aérea, a área superficial específica, os teores e a quantidade acumulada de cobre no sistema radicular e na parte aérea e o índice de translocação. A adição de turfa possibilitou efeito amenizante da contaminação por cobre e favoreceu o crescimento das mudas. As mudas de Eucalyptus grandis apresentam elevado acúmulo de cobre nas raízes, o que permite indicá-la como promissora para fins de fitoestabilização de solos contaminados com cobre.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to use peat as ameliorating and Eucalyptus grandis for the phytostabilization technique for remediation of a contaminated soil with copper. The work was conducted under completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement (2 × 6), with and without addition of peat (200 mL L-1 of soil) and six doses of copper (0 (Zero), 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 mg kg-1 of soil), with six replications. Evaluations consisted of seedling height, stem diameter, shoots and roots dry weight, specific surface area, copper concentrations and accumulation in roots and shoots and translocation index. Peat addition showed an ameliorating effect on soil contaminated with copper and higher seedlings growth. Eucalyptus grandis seedlings showed higher copper accumulation in roots, and with characteristics may indicate this species for phytostabilization of soils contaminated with copper.

RESUMO O cobre é um elemento essencial às plantas, mas quando presente em altas concentrações no solo pode se tornar tóxico ao metabolismo vegetal. Uma das estratégias para reabilitação de áreas contaminadas por metais é a fitorremediação, que consiste na introdução de espécies vegetais no solo contaminado. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a interferência de doses crescentes de cobre aplicadas ao solo no crescimento e na qualidade de mudas de Bauhinia forficata Link, Pterogyne nitens Tul e Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições, em arranjo fatorial (3 x 6), sendo três espécies florestais e seis doses de cobre no solo (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 e 300 mg kg-1). Foram avaliados os parâmetros: altura, diâmetro de colo, massa seca aérea, massa seca radicular, área superficial específica e índice de qualidade de Dickson. Os resultados evidenciaram que as mudas de timbaúva são mais tolerantes do que as de pata-de-vaca e carne-de-vaca e apresentam melhor qualidade de mudas em doses mais elevadas de cobre. As doses de cobre reduzem com maior intensidade a altura de plantas, massa seca da parte aérea e raízes, área superficial específica e o índice de qualidade de Dickson das mudas de Bauhinia forficata Link e Pterogyne nitens Tul em relação à Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell. As mudas de timbaúva toleram maiores doses de cobre no solo em relação à pata-de-vaca e à carne-de-vaca.

ABSTRACT Copper is an essential element for the plants, but when it's present in high amounts in soil, it becomes toxic to vegetable metabolism. One of the strategies for rehabilitation of contaminated areas by metals is the phytoremediation, which consists in the introduction of vegetable species on contaminated soil. The research aimed to evaluate the interference of increasing doses of copper, applied in soil, on growth and on quality of seedling of Bauhinia forficata Link, Pterogyne nitens Tul e Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, completely randomized design, with eight repetitions and in factorial arrangement (3 x 6), which include three forest species and six copper dosages in soil (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 end 300 mg kg-1). It was evaluated the following parameters: height, collar diameter, aerial dry mass, root dry mass, specific surface area and Dickson Quality Index. The results evidenced that the Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell seedlings are more tolerant than Bauhinia forficata Link and Pterogyne nitens Tul seedlings and they have better quality of seedlings at higher doses of copper. Copper doses reduce with higher intensity plant height, dry mass of aerial and roots parts, specific surface area and Dickson Quality Index of seedlings of Bauhinia forficata Link and Pterogyne nitens Tul in relation to Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell Seedlings of Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell are more tolerant to higher copper doses than Bauhinia forficata Link and Pterogyne nitens Tul in soil.